import subprocess


def run_host(command, cwd, env):
    return subprocess.run(command, shell=True, cwd=cwd, env=env).returncode


def run_lxc(container, command):
    cmd = f"lxc exec {container} -- bash -lc '{command}'"
    return subprocess.run(cmd, shell=True).returncode


def run_libvirt(vm_name, command):
    cmd = f"virsh domfsfreeze {vm_name} && virsh send-process-signal {vm_name} 15"
    # simplified placeholder — real execution would use ssh/agent channel
    return subprocess.run(cmd, shell=True).returncode